James Coyle

Donohue, C., & Coyle, J.L. (2023). Application of Meta-Therapy to Dysphagia Rehabilitation. Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups, 8(4), 631-639.American Speech Language Hearing Association. doi: 10.1044/2022_persp-22-00082.

Khalifa, Y., Donohue, C., Coyle, J.L.L., & Sejdic, E. (2023). Autonomous Swallow Segment Extraction Using Deep Learning in Neck-Sensor Vibratory Signals From Patients With Dysphagia. IEEE JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL AND HEALTH INFORMATICS, 27(2), 956-967.Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). doi: 10.1109/JBHI.2022.3224323.

Khalifa, Y., Mahoney, A.S.S., Lucatorto, E., Coyle, J.L.L., & Sejdic, E. (2023). Non-Invasive Sensor-Based Estimation of Anterior-Posterior Upper Esophageal Sphincter Opening Maximal Distension. IEEE JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL ENGINEERING IN HEALTH AND MEDICINE, 11, 182-190.Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). doi: 10.1109/JTEHM.2023.3246919.

Mahoney, A.S., O'Donnell, M., Coyle, J.L., Turner, R., White, K.E., & Skoretz, S.A. (2023). Non-Pharmacological and Non-Surgical Feeding Interventions for Hospitalized Infants with Pediatric Feeding Disorder: A Scoping Review. DYSPHAGIA, 38(3), 818-836.Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi: 10.1007/s00455-022-10504-7.

Shu, K., Perera, S., Mahoney, A.S., Mao, S., Coyle, J.L., & Sejdic, E. (2023). Temporal Sequence of Laryngeal Vestibule Closure and Reopening is Associated With Airway Protection. LARYNGOSCOPE, 133(3), 521-527.Wiley. doi: 10.1002/lary.30222.

Donohue, C., Khalifa, Y., Mao, S., Perera, S., Sejdic, E., & Coyle, J.L. (2022). Establishing Reference Values for Temporal Kinematic Swallow Events Across the Lifespan in Healthy Community Dwelling Adults Using High-Resolution Cervical Auscultation. DYSPHAGIA, 37(3), 664-675.Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi: 10.1007/s00455-021-10317-0.

Donohue, C., Khalifa, Y., Perera, S., Sejdic, E., & Coyle, J.L. (2022). Characterizing Effortful Swallows from Healthy Community Dwelling Adults Across the Lifespan Using High-Resolution Cervical Auscultation Signals and MBSImP Scores: A Preliminary Study. DYSPHAGIA, 37(5), 1103-1111.Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi: 10.1007/s00455-021-10368-3.

Mahoney, A.S., Khalifa, Y., Lucatorto, E., Sejdic, E., & Coyle, J.L. (2022). Cervical Vertebral Height Approximates Hyoid Displacement in Videofluoroscopic Images of Healthy Adults. DYSPHAGIA, 37(6), 1689-1696.Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi: 10.1007/s00455-022-10414-8.

Schwartz, R., Khalifa, Y., Lucatorto, E., Perera, S., Coyle, J., & Sejdic, E. (2022). A Preliminary Investigation of Similarities of High Resolution Cervical Auscultation Signals Between Thin Liquid Barium and Water Swallows. IEEE JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL ENGINEERING IN HEALTH AND MEDICINE, 10, 4900109.Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). doi: 10.1109/JTEHM.2021.3134926.

Shu, K., Mao, S., Coyle, J.L., & Sejdic, E. (2022). Improving Non-Invasive Aspiration Detection With Auxiliary Classifier Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Networks. IEEE JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL AND HEALTH INFORMATICS, 26(3), 1263-1272.Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). doi: 10.1109/JBHI.2021.3106565.

Donohue, C., & Coyle, J.L. (2021). Letter to the Editor Regarding “Metadeglutition? Rate of Aspiration-Related Events in Healthy Females Using a Novel Data Collection App”. Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups, 6(6), 1661-1663.American Speech Language Hearing Association. doi: 10.1044/2021_persp-21-00103.

Donohue, C., Khalifa, Y., Mao, S., Perera, S., Sejdic, E., & Coyle, J.L. (2021). Characterizing Swallows From People With Neurodegenerative Diseases Using High-Resolution Cervical Auscultation Signals and Temporal and Spatial Swallow Kinematic Measurements. JOURNAL OF SPEECH LANGUAGE AND HEARING RESEARCH, 64(9), 3416-3431.American Speech Language Hearing Association. doi: 10.1044/2021_JSLHR-21-00134.

Donohue, C., Khalifa, Y., Perera, S., Sejdic, E., & Coyle, J.L. (2021). A Preliminary Investigation of Whether HRCA Signals Can Differentiate Between Swallows from Healthy People and Swallows from People with Neurodegenerative Diseases. DYSPHAGIA, 36(4), 635-643.Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi: 10.1007/s00455-020-10177-0.

Donohue, C., Khalifa, Y., Perera, S., Sejdic, E., & Coyle, J.L. (2021). How Closely do Machine Ratings of Duration of UES Opening During Videofluoroscopy Approximate Clinician Ratings Using Temporal Kinematic Analyses and the MBSImP?. DYSPHAGIA, 36(4), 707-718.Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi: 10.1007/s00455-020-10191-2.

Donohue, C., Mao, S., Sejdic, E., & Coyle, J.L. (2021). Tracking Hyoid Bone Displacement During Swallowing Without Videofluoroscopy Using Machine Learning of Vibratory Signals. DYSPHAGIA, 36(2), 259-269.Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi: 10.1007/s00455-020-10124-z.

Khalifa, Y., Donohue, C., Coyle, J.L., & Sejdic, E. (2021). Upper Esophageal Sphincter Opening Segmentation With Convolutional Recurren Neural Networks in High Resolution Cervical Auscultation. IEEE JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL AND HEALTH INFORMATICS, 25(2), 493-503.Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). doi: 10.1109/JBHI.2020.3000057.

Mao, S., Sabry, A., Khalifa, Y., Coyle, J.L., & Sejdic, E. (2021). Estimation of laryngeal closure duration during swallowing without invasive X-rays. FUTURE GENERATION COMPUTER SYSTEMS-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ESCIENCE, 115, 610-618.Elsevier BV. doi: 10.1016/j.future.2020.09.040.

Shu, K., Coyle, J.L., Perera, S., Khalifa, Y., Sabry, A., & Sejdic, E. (2021). Anterior-posterior distension of maximal upper esophageal sphincter opening is correlated with high-resolution cervical auscultation signal features. PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT, 42(3), 035002.IOP Publishing. doi: 10.1088/1361-6579/abe7cb.

Zhang, Z., Kurosu, A., Coyle, J.L., Perera, S., & Sejdić, E. (2021). A generalized equation approach for hyoid bone displacement and penetration–aspiration scale analysis. SN Applied Sciences, 3(7).Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi: 10.1007/s42452-021-04632-2.

Zhang, Z., Mao, S., Coyle, J., & Sejdic, E. (2021). Automatic annotation of cervical vertebrae in videofluoroscopy images via deep learning. MEDICAL IMAGE ANALYSIS, 74, 102218.Elsevier BV. doi: 10.1016/j.media.2021.102218.

Coyle, J.L., & Sejdic, E. (2020). High-Resolution Cervical Auscultation and Data Science: New Tools to Address an Old Problem. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY, 29(2), 992-1000.American Speech Language Hearing Association. doi: 10.1044/2020_AJSLP-19-00155.

Donohue, C., & Coyle, J.L. (2020). How Important Is Randomization of Swallows During Kinematic Analyses of Swallow Function?. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY, 29(3), 1650-1654.American Speech Language Hearing Association. doi: 10.1044/2020_AJSLP-20-00020.

Donohue, C., & Coyle, J.L. (2020). The Safety, Tolerability, and Impact of Respiratory–Swallow Coordination Training and Expiratory Muscle Strength Training on Pulmonary, Cough, and Swallow Function Surrogates in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups, 5(6), 1603-1615.American Speech Language Hearing Association. doi: 10.1044/2020_persp-20-00030.

Khalifa, Y., Coyle, J.L., & Sejdic, E. (2020). Non-invasive identification of swallows via deep learning in high resolution cervical auscultation recordings. SCIENTIFIC REPORTS, 10(1), 8704.Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65492-1.

Sabry, A., Coyle, J.L., & Abou-Elsaad, T. (2020). Mansoura Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing Residue Rating Scale (MFRRS): An Anatomically Based Tool - A Preliminary Study. FOLIA PHONIATRICA ET LOGOPAEDICA, 73(6), 478-490.S. Karger AG. doi: 10.1159/000512158.

Sabry, A., Mahoney, A.S., Mao, S., Khalifa, Y., Sejdić, E., & Coyle, J.L. (2020). Automatic Estimation of Laryngeal Vestibule Closure Duration Using High- Resolution Cervical Auscultation Signals. Perspect ASHA Spec Interest Groups, 5(6), 1647-1656.American Speech Language Hearing Association. doi: 10.1044/2020_persp-20-00073.

SejdiĆ, E., Khalifa, Y., Mahoney, A.S., & Coyle, J.L. (2020). ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DYSPHAGIA: NOVEL SOLUTIONS TO OLD PROBLEMS. Arq Gastroenterol, 57(4), 343-346.FapUNIFESP (SciELO). doi: 10.1590/S0004-2803.202000000-66.

Zhang, Z., Perera, S., Donohue, C., Kurosu, A., Mahoney, A.S., Coyle, J.L., & Sejdic, E. (2020). The Prediction of Risk of Penetration-Aspiration Via Hyoid Bone Displacement Features. DYSPHAGIA, 35(1), 66-72.Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi: 10.1007/s00455-019-10000-5.

He, Q., Perera, S., Khalifa, Y., Zhang, Z., Mahoney, A.S., Sabry, A., Donohue, C., Coyie, J.L., & Sejdic, E. (2019). The Association of High Resolution Cervical Auscultation Signal Features With Hyoid Bone Displacement During Swallowing. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NEURAL SYSTEMS AND REHABILITATION ENGINEERING, 27(9), 1810-1816.Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). doi: 10.1109/TNSRE.2019.2935302.

Kurosu, A., Coyle, J.L., Dudik, J.M., & Sejdic, E. (2019). Detection of Swallow Kinematic Events From Acoustic High-Resolution Cervical Auscultation Signals in Patients With Stroke. ARCHIVES OF PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION, 100(3), 501-508.Elsevier BV. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2018.05.038.

Mao, S., Zhang, Z., Khalifa, Y., Donohue, C., Coyle, J.L., & Sejdic, E. (2019). Neck sensor-supported hyoid bone movement tracking during swallowing. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE, 6(7), 181982.The Royal Society. doi: 10.1098/rsos.181982.

Rebrion, C., Zhang, Z., Khalifa, Y., Ramadan, M., Kurosu, A., Coyle, J.L., Perera, S., & Sejdic, E. (2019). High-Resolution Cervical Auscultation Signal Features Reflect Vertical and Horizontal Displacements of the Hyoid Bone During Swallowing. IEEE JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL ENGINEERING IN HEALTH AND MEDICINE, 7, 1800109.Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). doi: 10.1109/JTEHM.2018.2881468.

Sejdic, E., Malandraki, G.A., & Coyle, J.L. (2019). Computational Deglutition Using signal- and image -processing methods to understand swallowing and associated disorders. IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZINE, 36(1), 138-146.Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). doi: 10.1109/MSP.2018.2875863.

Dudik, J.M., Coyle, J.L., El-Jaroudi, A., Mao, Z.H., Sun, M., & Sejdic, E. (2018). Deep learning for classification of normal swallows in adults. NEUROCOMPUTING, 285, 1-9.Elsevier BV. doi: 10.1016/j.neucom.2017.12.059.

Dudik, J.M., Kurosu, A., Coyle, J.L., & Sejdic, E. (2018). Dysphagia and its effects on swallowing sounds and vibrations in adults. BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING ONLINE, 17(1), 69.Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi: 10.1186/s12938-018-0501-9.

Jestrovic, I., Coyle, J.L., Perera, S., & Sejdic, E. (2018). Influence of attention and bolus volume on brain organization during swallowing. BRAIN STRUCTURE & FUNCTION, 223(2), 955-964.Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi: 10.1007/s00429-017-1535-7.

Movahedi, F., Coyle, J.L., & Sejdic, E. (2018). Deep Belief Networks for Electroencephalography: A Review of Recent Contributions and Future Outlooks. IEEE JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL AND HEALTH INFORMATICS, 22(3), 642-652.Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). doi: 10.1109/JBHI.2017.2727218.

Sabry, A., Abdelghany, A.M., Coyle, J.L., El-Mitwalli, A., & Abou-Elsaad, T. (2018). Developing Viscosity Modelling for Traditional Liquids in Egypt. FOLIA PHONIATRICA ET LOGOPAEDICA, 70(1), 37-43.S. Karger AG. doi: 10.1159/000487235.

Zhang, Z., Coyle, J.L., & Sejdic, E. (2018). Automatic hyoid bone detection in fluoroscopic images using deep learning. SCIENTIFIC REPORTS, 8(1), 12310.Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-30182-6.

Coyle, J.L. (2017). Scaling the Swallow. The ASHA Leader, 22(5), 36-38.American Speech Language Hearing Association. doi: 10.1044/leader.otp.22052017.36.

Jestrovic, I., Coyle, J.L., & Sejdic, E. (2017). A fast algorithm for vertex-frequency representations of signals on graphs. SIGNAL PROCESSING, 131, 483-491.Elsevier BV. doi: 10.1016/j.sigpro.2016.09.008.

Jestrovic, I., Coyle, J.L., & Sejdic, E. (2017). DIFFERENCES IN BRAIN NETWORKS DURING CONSECUTIVE SWALLOWS DETECTED USING AN OPTIMIZED VERTEX-FREQUENCY ALGORITHM. NEUROSCIENCE, 344, 113-123.Elsevier BV. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.11.047.

Movahedi, F., Kurosu, A., Coyle, J.L., Perera, S., & Sejdic, E. (2017). A comparison between swallowing sounds and vibrations in patients with dysphagia. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE, 144, 179-187.Elsevier BV. doi: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2017.03.009.

Movahedi, F., Kurosu, A., Coyle, J.L., Perera, S., & Sejdic, E. (2017). Anatomical Directional Dissimilarities in Tri-axial Swallowing Accelerometry Signals. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NEURAL SYSTEMS AND REHABILITATION ENGINEERING, 25(5), 447-458.Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). doi: 10.1109/TNSRE.2016.2577882.

Dudik, J.M., Coyle, J.L., EI-Jaroudi, A., Sun, M., & Sejdic, E. (2016). A matched dual-tree wavelet denoising for tri-axial swallowing vibrations. BIOMEDICAL SIGNAL PROCESSING AND CONTROL, 27, 112-121.Elsevier BV. doi: 10.1016/j.bspc.2016.01.012.

Dudik, J.M., Kurosu, A., Coyle, J.L., & Sejdic, E. (2016). A statistical analysis of cervical auscultation signals from adults with unsafe airway protection. JOURNAL OF NEUROENGINEERING AND REHABILITATION, 13(1), 7.Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi: 10.1186/s12984-015-0110-9.

Jestrovic, I., Coyle, J.L., Perera, S., & Sejdic, E. (2016). Functional connectivity patterns of normal human swallowing: difference among various viscosity swallows in normal and chin-tuck head positions. BRAIN RESEARCH, 1652, 158-169.Elsevier BV. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.09.041.

Sejdić, E., Movahedi, F., Zhang, Z., Kurosu, A., & Coyle, J.L. (2016). The effects of compressive sensing on extracted features from tri-axial swallowing accelerometry signals. Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng, 9857.SPIE. doi: 10.1117/12.2225466.

Coyle, J. (2015). How We Can Better Prepare Students for Modern Health Care. The ASHA Leader, 20(10).American Speech Language Hearing Association. doi: 10.1044/leader.ae.20102015.np.

Dudik, J.M., Coyle, J.L., & Sejdic, E. (2015). Dysphagia Screening: Contributions of Cervical Auscultation Signals and Modern Signal-Processing Techniques. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON HUMAN-MACHINE SYSTEMS, 45(4), 465-477.Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). doi: 10.1109/THMS.2015.2408615.

Dudik, J.M., Jestrovic, I., Luan, B., Coyle, J.L., & Sejdic, E. (2015). A comparative analysis of swallowing accelerometry and sounds during saliva swallows. BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING ONLINE, 14(1), 3.Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi: 10.1186/1475-925X-14-3.

Dudik, J.M., Jestrovic, I., Luan, B., Coyle, J.L., & Sejdic, E. (2015). Characteristics of Dry Chin-Tuck Swallowing Vibrations and Sounds. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, 62(10), 2456-2464.Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). doi: 10.1109/TBME.2015.2431999.

Dudik, J.M., Kurosu, A., Coyle, J.L., & Sejdic, E. (2015). A comparative analysis of DBSCAN, K-means, and quadratic variation algorithms for automatic identification of swallows from swallowing accelerometry signals. COMPUTERS IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE, 59, 10-18.Elsevier BV. doi: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2015.01.007.

Jestrovic, I., Coyle, J.L., & Sejdic, E. (2015). Characterizing functional connectivity patterns during saliva swallows in different head positions. JOURNAL OF NEUROENGINEERING AND REHABILITATION, 12(1), 61.Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi: 10.1186/s12984-015-0049-x.

Jestrovic, I., Coyle, J.L., & Sejdic, E. (2015). Decoding human swallowing via electroencephalography: a state-of-the-art review. JOURNAL OF NEURAL ENGINEERING, 12(5), 051001.IOP Publishing. doi: 10.1088/1741-2560/12/5/051001.

Jestrovic, I., Coyle, J.L., & Sejdic, E. (2014). The effects of increased fluid viscosity on stationary characteristics of EEG signal in healthy adults. BRAIN RESEARCH, 1589, 45-53.Elsevier BV. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.09.035.

Coyle, J.L. (2013). Overheard: Essential knowledge for Dysphagia treatment. ASHA Leader, 18(10 OCT).

Jestrovic, I., Dudik, J.M., Luan, B., Coyle, J.L., & Sejdic, E. (2013). The effects of increased fluid viscosity on swallowing sounds in healthy adults. BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING ONLINE, 12(1), 90.Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi: 10.1186/1475-925X-12-90.

Jestrovic, I., Dudik, J.M., Luan, B., Coyle, J.L., & Sejdic, E. (2013). Baseline characteristics of cervical auscultation signals during various head maneuvers. COMPUTERS IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE, 43(12), 2014-2020.Elsevier BV. doi: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2013.10.005.

Coyle, J. (2012). Tele-Dysphagia management: an opportunity for prevention, cost-savings and advanced training. Int J Telerehabil, 4(1), 37-40.University Library System, University of Pittsburgh. doi: 10.5195/IJT.2012.6093.

Harkawik, R., & Coyle, J.L. (2012). Exercise for Better ALS Management?. The ASHA Leader, 17(11).American Speech Language Hearing Association. doi: 10.1044/leader.ftr5.17112012.np.

Leslie, P., McNeil, M., Coyle, J., & Messick, C. (2011). Clinical Doctorate in Speech-Language Pathology. The ASHA Leader, 16(9), 14-17.American Speech Language Hearing Association. doi: 10.1044/leader.ftr2.16092011.14.

Coyle, J.L., & Matthews, C. (2010). A Dilemma in Dysphagia Management: Is Aspiration Pneumonia the Chicken or the Egg?. The ASHA Leader, 15(6), 14-17.American Speech Language Hearing Association. doi: 10.1044/leader.ftr2.15062010.14.

Leslie, P., & Coyle, J.L. (2010). Promoting Clinical Effectiveness with Postgraduate Students. In Embedding Evidence-Based Practice in Speech and Language Therapy: International Examples. (pp. 36-42).Wiley. doi: 10.1002/9780470686584.ch5.

Coyle, J.L., Davis, L.A., Easterling, C., Graner, D.E., Langmore, S., Leder, S.B., Lefton-Greif, M.A., Leslie, P., Logemann, J.A., Mackay, L., Martin-Harris, B., Murray, J.T., Sonies, B., & Steele, C.M. (2009). Oropharyngeal Dysphagia Assessment and Treatment Efficacy: Setting the Record Straight (Response to Campbell-Taylor). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL DIRECTORS ASSOCIATION, 10(1), 62-66.Elsevier BV. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2008.10.003.

Coyle, J.L., Easterling, C., Lefton-Greif, M., & Mackay, L. (2007). Evidence-Based to Reality-Based Dysphagia Practice: Three Case Studies. The ASHA Leader, 12(14), 10-32.American Speech Language Hearing Association. doi: 10.1044/leader.ftr2.12142007.10.

Leslie, P., Drinnan, M.J., Zammit-Maempel, I., Coyle, J.L., Ford, G.A., & Wilson, J.A. (2007). Cervical auscultation synchronized with images from endoscopy swallow evaluations. DYSPHAGIA, 22(4), 290-298.Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi: 10.1007/s00455-007-9084-5.

Robbins, J., Coyle, J., Rosenbek, J., Roecker, E., & Wood, J. (1999). Differentiation of normal and abnormal airway protection during swallowing using the penetration-aspiration scale. Dysphagia, 14(4), 228-232.Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi: 10.1007/PL00009610.

McCullough, G.H., Rosenbek, J.C., Robbins, J.A., Coyle, J.L., & Wood, J.L. (1998). Ordinality and intervality of a penetration-aspiration scale. Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology, 6(2), 65-72.

Coyle, J.L., & Robbins, J. (1997). Assessment and behavioral management of oropharyngeal dysphagia. Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, 5(3), 147-152.Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). doi: 10.1097/00020840-199706000-00001.

Rosenbek, J.C., Robbins, J.A., Roecker, E.B., Coyle, J.L., & Wood, J.L. (1996). A penetration-aspiration scale. Dysphagia, 11(2), 93-98.Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi: 10.1007/BF00417897.