(1985) Research Paper award, Institute of Chinese Civil and Hydraulics Engineers, Taiwan.
ScD, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1982
MS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1980
BS, National Cheng Kung University, 1973
Wen, Y., Lin, J.S., Plaza, F., & Liang, X. (2024). Roles of Hydrology and Transport Processes in Denitrification at Watershed Scale. WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 60(4).American Geophysical Union (AGU). doi: 10.1029/2023WR034971.
Wang, X., Wu, W., Zhu, H., Liu, F., Zhang, H., & Lin, J.S. (2021). Three-dimensional discontinuous deformation analysis with explicit contact formulation and block-wise multicore CPU acceleration. COMPUTERS AND GEOTECHNICS, 139, 104410.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2021.104410.
Wu, W., Wang, X., Zhu, H., Zhang, H., Lin, J.S., & Bobet, A. (2021). Improved friction force calculation with an augmented open-close iteration formulation in discontinuous deformation analysis. COMPUTERS AND GEOTECHNICS, 130, 103932.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2020.103932.
Choi, J.H., Lin, J.S., Dai, S., Lei, L., & Seol, Y. (2020). Triaxial compression of hydrate-bearing sediments undergoing hydrate dissociation by depressurization. GEOMECHANICS FOR ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, 23, 100187.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.gete.2020.100187.
Li, Y., Hamed, E.A., Zhang, X., Luna, D., Lin, J.S., Liang, X., & Lee, I. (2020). Feasibility of Harvesting Solar Energy for Self-Powered Environmental Wireless Sensor Nodes. ELECTRONICS, 9(12), 2058.MDPI. doi: 10.3390/electronics9122058.
Liu, H., Lin, J.S., He, J., & Xie, H. (2020). A discrete element exploration of V-shaped breakout failure mechanisms in underground opening. Underground Space, 5(4), 281-291.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.undsp.2019.05.001.
Lu, Y.C., Tien, Y.M., Juang, C.H., & Lin, J.S. (2020). Uncertainty of volume fraction in bimrock using the scan-line method and its application in the estimation of deformability parameters. BULLETIN OF ENGINEERING GEOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, 79(4), 1651-1668.Springer Nature. doi: 10.1007/s10064-019-01635-7.
Wang, X., Wu, W., Zhu, H., Lin, J.S., & Zhang, H. (2020). Acceleration of contact detection between arbitrarily shaped polyhedra based on multi-cover methods in three dimensional discontinuous deformation analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ROCK MECHANICS AND MINING SCIENCES, 132, 104387.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2020.104387.
Wang, X., Wu, W., Zhu, H., Zhang, H., & Lin, J.S. (2020). The last entrance plane method for contact indeterminacy between convex polyhedral blocks. COMPUTERS AND GEOTECHNICS, 117, 103283.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103283.
White, M.D., Kneafsey, T.J., Seol, Y., Waite, W.F., Uchida, S., Lin, J.S., Myshakin, E.M., Gai, X., Gupta, S., Reagan, M.T., Queiruga, A.F., & Kimoto, S. (2020). An international code comparison study on coupled thermal, hydrologic and geomechanical processes of natural gas hydrate-bearing sediments. MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY, 120, 104566.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2020.104566.
Zhang, H., Zhang, J.W., Wu, W., Wang, X., Zhu, H., Lin, J.S., & Chen, J.G. (2020). Angle-Based Contact Detection in Discontinuous Deformation Analysis. ROCK MECHANICS AND ROCK ENGINEERING, 53(12), 5545-5569.Springer Nature. doi: 10.1007/s00603-020-02206-z.
Lin, J.S., Uchida, S., Myshakin, E.M., Seol, Y., Rutqvist, J., & Boswell, R. (2019). Assessing the geomechanical stability of interbedded hydrate-bearing sediments under gas production by depressurization at NGHP-02 Site 16. MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY, 108, 648-659.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2018.08.018.
Myshakin, E.M., Seol, Y., Lin, J.S., Uchida, S., Collett, T.S., & Boswell, R. (2019). Numerical simulations of depressurization-induced gas production from an interbedded turbidite gas hydrate-bearing sedimentary section in the offshore India: Site NGHP-02-16 (Area-B). MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY, 108, 619-638.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2018.10.047.
Uchida, S., Lin, J.S., Myshakin, E.M., Seol, Y., & Boswell, R. (2019). Numerical simulations of sand migration during gas production in hydrate-bearing sands interbedded with thin mud layers at site NGHP-02-16. MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY, 108, 639-647.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2018.10.046.
Wang, X., Wu, W., Zhu, H., Lin, J.S., & Zhang, H. (2019). Contact detection between polygonal blocks based on a novel multi-cover system for discontinuous deformation analysis. COMPUTERS AND GEOTECHNICS, 111, 56-65.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.03.004.
Choi, J.H., Dai, S., Lin, J.S., & Seol, Y. (2018). Multistage Triaxial Tests on Laboratory-Formed Methane Hydrate-Bearing Sediments. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH, 123(5), 3347-3357.American Geophysical Union (AGU). doi: 10.1029/2018JB015525.
Liu, H.Z., Lin, J.S., He, J.D., & Xie, H.Q. (2018). Discrete elements and size effects. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 189, 246-272.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2017.11.019.
Liu, H.Z., Lin, J.S., He, J.D., & Xie, H.Q. (2018). Dominant mode of planar fractures and the role of material properties. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 195, 57-79.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2018.03.024.
Wu, W., Zhu, H., Lin, J.S., Zhuang, X., & Ma, G. (2018). Tunnel stability assessment by 3D DDA-key block analysis. TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY, 71, 210-214.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.tust.2017.07.015.
Lin, J.S., Seol, Y., & Choi, J.H. (2017). Geomechanical modeling of hydrate-bearing sediments during dissociation under shear. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL AND ANALYTICAL METHODS IN GEOMECHANICS, 41(14), 1523-1538.Wiley. doi: 10.1002/nag.2695.
Zhou, Y., Zhang, W., Gamwo, I., & Lin, J.S. (2017). Mechanical specific energy versus depth of cut in rock cutting and drilling. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ROCK MECHANICS AND MINING SCIENCES, 100, 287-297.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2017.11.004.
Hasanzoi, M., Harries, K.A., & Lin, J.S. (2016). Capacity and Practical Implications of Driven Bearing H-Pile Design Using ASTM A572 Grade 50 Steel. JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING, 21(7), 04016036.American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000900.
Luo, X., Liang, X., & Lin, J.S. (2016). Plant transpiration and groundwater dynamics in water-limited climates: Impacts of hydraulic redistribution. WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 52(6), 4416-4437.American Geophysical Union (AGU). doi: 10.1002/2015WR017316.
Jaime, M.C., Zhou, Y., Lin, J.S., & Gamwo, I.K. (2015). Finite element modeling of rock cutting and its fragmentation process. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 80, 137-146.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2015.09.004.
Lin, J., Seol, Y., & Choi, J.H. (2015). An SMP critical state model for methane hydrate‐bearing sands. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 39(9), 969-987.Wiley. doi: 10.1002/nag.2347.
Lin, J.S., & Zhou, Y. (2015). Rebuttal: Shallow wide groove scratch tests do not give fracture toughness. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 133, 211-222.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2014.10.030.
Karimi, B., McQuarrie, N., Lin, J.S., & Harbert, W. (2014). Determining the geometry of the North Anatolian Fault East of the Marmara Sea through integrated stress modeling and remote sensing techniques. TECTONOPHYSICS, 623, 14-22.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2014.03.015.
Menezes, P.L., Lovell, M.R., Avdeev, I.V., Lin, J.S., & Higgs, C.F. (2014). Studies on the formation of discontinuous chips during rock cutting using an explicit finite element model. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 70(1-4), 635-648.Springer Nature. doi: 10.1007/s00170-013-5309-y.
Zhou, Y., & Lin, J.S. (2014). Modeling the ductile–brittle failure mode transition in rock cutting. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 127, 135-147.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2014.05.020.
Lin, J.S., & Zhou, Y. (2013). Can scratch tests give fracture toughness?. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 109, 161-168.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2013.06.002.
Zhou, Y., & Lin, J.S. (2013). On the critical failure mode transition depth for rock cutting. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 62, 131-137.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2013.05.004.
Li, B., Lin, J.S., & Wang, J.H.C. (2011). Cell mechanobiology: The forces applied to cells and generated by cells. In Mechanobiology Handbook. (pp. 253-274).
Mendoza, J.A., Gamwo, I.K., Zhang, W., & Lin, J.S. (2011). Considerations for discrete modeling of rock cutting. 45th US Rock Mechanics / Geomechanics Symposium.
Tien, Y.M., Lu, Y.C., Wu, T.H., Lin, J.S., & Lee, D.H. (2011). Quantify uncertainty in scanline estimates of volumetric fraction of anisotropic birmocks. 45th US Rock Mechanics / Geomechanics Symposium.
Zhou, Y., Jaime, M.C., Gamwo, I.K., Zhang, W., & Lin, J.S. (2011). Modeling groove cutting in rocks using finite elements. 45th US Rock Mechanics / Geomechanics Symposium.
Yang, Z., Lin, J.S., & Smolinski, P. (2010). Effects of Solid Compressibility on Responses of Hydrated Soft Biological Tissues. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NONLINEAR SCIENCES AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION, 11(10), 817-830.De Gruyter. doi: 10.1515/ijnsns.2010.11.10.817.
Wu, J.H., Lin, J.S., & Chen, C.S. (2009). Dynamic discrete analysis of an earthquake-induced large-scale landslide. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 46(2), 397-407.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2008.07.010.
Hsu, Y.C., Lin, J.S., & Kuo, J.T. (2007). Projection Method for Validating Reliability Analysis of Soil Slopes. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 133(6), 753-756.American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). doi: 10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2007)133:6(753).
Li, B., Xie, L., Starr, Z.C., Yang, Z., Lin, J.S., & Wang, J.H.C. (2007). Development of micropost force sensor array with culture experiments for determination of cell traction forces. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton, 64(7), 509-518.Wiley. doi: 10.1002/cm.20200.
Wang, J.H.C., & Lin, J.S. (2007). Cell traction force and measurement methods. Biomech Model Mechanobiol, 6(6), 361-371.Springer Nature. doi: 10.1007/s10237-006-0068-4.
Wang, J.H.C., Lin, J.S., & Yang, Z.C. (2007). Cell Traction Force Microscopy. In Advanced Bioimaging Technologies in Assessment of the Quality of Bone and Scaffold Materials. (pp. 227-235).Springer Nature. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-45456-4_14.
Wang, J.H.C., Thampatty, B.P., Lin, J.S., & Im, H.J. (2007). Mechanoregulation of gene expression in fibroblasts. Gene, 391(1-2), 1-15.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2007.01.014.
Li, B., Li, F., Li, H.X., Xu, X.C., Szczodry, M., Yang, Z.C., Lin, J.S., & Wang, J.H.C. (2006). Cellular mechanical stress gradient regulates cell proliferation and differentiation patterns. MCB Molecular and Cellular Biomechanics, 3(4), 225-227.
Lin, J.S., & Ku, C.Y. (2006). Two-scale modeling of jointed rock masses. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 43(3), 426-436.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2005.07.009.
Yang, Z., Lin, J.S., Chen, J., & Wang, J.H.C. (2006). Determining substrate displacement and cell traction fields--a new approach. J Theor Biol, 242(3), 607-616.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2006.05.005.
Ku, C.Y., Lin, J.S., & Chern, J.C. (2004). Modeling of jointed rock masses using a combined equivalentcontinuum and discrete approach. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 41(SUPPL. 1), 402-407.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2004.03.074.
Lin, J.S. (2003). A mesh-based partition of unity method for discontinuity modeling. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 192(11-12), 1515-1532.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/s0045-7825(02)00655-2.
Smith, R.L., Lin, J., Trindade, M.C., Shida, J., Kajiyama, G., Vu, T., Hoffman, A.R., van der Meulen, M.C., Goodman, S.B., Schurman, D.J., & Carter, D.R. (2000). Time-dependent effects of intermittent hydrostatic pressure on articular chondrocyte type II collagen and aggrecan mRNA expression. J Rehabil Res Dev, 37(2), 153-161.
Lin, J.S., & Hynes, M.E. (1998). Seismic discontinuous deformation analysis. Geotechnical Special Publication, (75 I), 790-796.
Jeen-Shang, L., & Yigong, Z. (1994). Nonlinear structural identification using extended kalman filter. Computers & Structures, 52(4), 757-764.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/0045-7949(94)90357-3.
Lin, J. (1994). Extraction of Dynamic Soil Properties Using Extended Kalman Filter. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 120(12), 2100-2117.American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). doi: 10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1994)120:12(2100).
Lin, J. (1993). On engineering equivalent linear analysis of soils in the frequency domain. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 22(1), 75-88.Wiley. doi: 10.1002/eqe.4290220107.
Lin, J. (1990). Regional seismic slope failure probability matrices. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 19(6), 911-923.Wiley. doi: 10.1002/eqe.4290190610.
Lin, J., & Chao, B. (1990). Estimation of shear moduli and damping factors of earth dam materials. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 19(6), 891-910.Wiley. doi: 10.1002/eqe.4290190609.
Lin, J., & Whitman, R.V. (1987). Closure to Earthquake Induced Displacements of Sliding Blocks by JeenShang Lin and Robert V. Whitman January, 1986, Vol. 112, No. 1. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 113(8), 961-962.American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). doi: 10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1987)113:8(961).
Lin, J.S. (1987). Ground Motion Input Through Equivalent Stationary Motion. Developments in Geotechnical Engineering, 44(C), 537-549.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-444-98956-7.50040-4.
Lin, J., & Tyan, J. (1986). Equivalent stationary motion and average response spectra. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 14(2), 267-279.Wiley. doi: 10.1002/eqe.4290140207.
Lin, J., & Whitman, R.V. (1986). Earthquake Induced Displacements of Sliding Blocks. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 112(1), 44-59.American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). doi: 10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1986)112:1(44).
Lin, J., & Whitman, R.V. (1983). Decoupling approximation to the evaluation of earthquake‐induced plastic slip in earth dams. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 11(5), 667-678.Wiley. doi: 10.1002/eqe.4290110506.
Lin, J., Whitman, R.V., & Vanmarcke, E.H. (1983). Equivalent Stationary Motion for Liquefaction Study. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 109(8), 1117-1121.American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). doi: 10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1983)109:8(1117).
Lin, J.S., & Whitman, R.V. (1983). Decoupling approximation to the evaluation of earthquake-induced plastic slip in earth dams. EARTHQUAKE ENGNG. & STRUCT. DYN., 11(5 , Sep.-Oct. 1983, p.667-678.).
Liu, H.Z., Lin, J.S., He, J.D., & Xie, H.Q. (2017). Size effect and fracture: A discrete modeling perspective. In 51st US Rock Mechanics / Geomechanics Symposium 2017, 5, (pp. 3444-3448).
Huang, J.Q., Lin, J.S., Du, X.L., & Li, L.Y. (2014). Stability of jointed rock slopes subjected to obliquely incident P waves. In 48th US Rock Mechanics / Geomechanics Symposium 2014, 3, (pp. 1702-1705).
Lin, J.S. (2013). Extended abstract. In Frontiers of Discontinuous Numerical Methods and Practical Simulations in Engineering and Disaster Prevention - Proceedings of the 11th Int. Conf. on Analysis of Discontinuous Deformation, ICADD 2013, (pp. 539-550).CRC Press. doi: 10.1201/b15791-8.
Liu, W.C., Tien, Y.M., Juang, C.H., & Lin, J.S. (2013). Numerical investigation of crack propagation and failure mechanism of layered rocks. In 47th US Rock Mechanics / Geomechanics Symposium 2013, 2, (pp. 1542-1551).
Zhou, Y., & Lin, J.S. (2013). Modeling fracture of quasibrittle materials: A comparative study. In 47th US Rock Mechanics / Geomechanics Symposium 2013, 3, (pp. 1827-1832).
Lin, J.S., Mendoza, J.A., Jaime, M.C., Zhou, Y., Brown, J., Gamwo, I.K., & Zhang, W. (2012). Numerical modeling of rock cutting. In Harmonising Rock Engineering and the Environment - Proceedings of the 12th ISRM International Congress on Rock Mechanics, (pp. 461-466).
Tien, Y.M., Lu, Y.C., Chang, H.H., Chung, Y.C., Lin, J.S., & Lee, D.H. (2012). Uncertainty of volumetric fraction estimates using 2-D measurements. In 46th US Rock Mechanics / Geomechanics Symposium 2012, 2, (pp. 1474-1479).
Zhou, Y., Zhang, W., Gamwo, I.K., Lin, J.S., Eastman, H., Gill, M., & Whipple, G. (2012). Mechanical specific energy versus depth of cut. In 46th US Rock Mechanics / Geomechanics Symposium 2012, 2, (pp. 758-763).
Yang, Z., Smolinski, P., Lin, J.S., & Gilbertson, L.G. (2011). DYNAMICAL FINITE ELEMENT MODELING OF SOFT TISSUES AS CHEMOELECTRIC POROUS MEDIA. In JOURNAL OF MECHANICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY, 11(1), (pp. 101-130).World Scientific Publishing. doi: 10.1142/S0219519410003678.
Gutiérrez, J.J., Vallejo, L.E., Lin, J.S., & Painter, R. (2010). Impact of longwall mining on highways. In 44th US Rock Mechanics Symposium - 5th US/Canada Rock Mechanics Symposium.
Gutiérrez, J.J., Vallejo, L.E., Lin, J.S., & Painter, R. (2010). Impact of longwall mining of coal on highways in southwestern Pennsylvania. In IAHS-AISH Publication, 339, (pp. 120-125).
Jaime, M.C., Gamwo, I.K., Lyons, D.K., & Lin, J.S. (2010). Finite element modeling of rock cutting. In 44th US Rock Mechanics Symposium - 5th US/Canada Rock Mechanics Symposium.
Mendoza, J.A., Gamwo, I.K., Zhang, W., & Lin, J.S. (2010). Discrete element modeling of rock cutting using crushable particles. In 44th US Rock Mechanics Symposium - 5th US/Canada Rock Mechanics Symposium.
Tien, Y.M., Lin, J.S., Kou, M.C., Lu, Y.C., Chung, Y.J., Wu, T.H., & Lee, D.H. (2010). Uncertainty in estimation of volumetric block proportion of bimrocks by using scanline method. In 44th US Rock Mechanics Symposium - 5th US/Canada Rock Mechanics Symposium.
Menezes, P.L., Lovell, M.R., Lin, J.S., & Higgs, C.F. (2009). Finite Element Modeling of Discontinuous Chip Formation During Rock Cutting. In ASME/STLE 2009 International Joint Tribology Conference, (pp. 463-465).ASME International. doi: 10.1115/ijtc2009-15197.
Menezes, P.L., Lovell, M.R., Lin, J.S., & Higgs, C.F. (2009). An Explicit Finite Element Model to Study the Influence of Rake Angle on the Discontinuous Chip Formation During Orthogonal Metal Cutting. In ASME/STLE 2009 International Joint Tribology Conference, (pp. 455-457).ASME International. doi: 10.1115/ijtc2009-15195.
Comfort, L.K., Hauskrecht, M., & Lin, J.S. (2008). Dynamic networks: Modeling change in environments exposed to risk. In Proceedings of ISCRAM 2008 - 5th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, (pp. 576-585).
Lin, J.S., & Wibowo, J.L. (2008). Stability analysis of rock surface spillways using a partition of unity method. In 42nd U.S. Rock Mechanics - 2nd U.S.-Canada Rock Mechanics Symposium.
Lin, J.S., & Ku, C.Y. (2005). Modeling the evolution of slope failure as a crack propagation problem. In 11th International Conference on Fracture 2005, ICF11, 2, (pp. 1124-1129).
Lin, J.S. (2002). A Unified Framework for Discrete and Continuum Analysis. In Discrete Element Methods, (117), (pp. 145-150).American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). doi: 10.1061/40647(259)26.
Chang, K.C., Hung, T.K., Margo, D.A., & Lin, J.S. (1996). Dynamic effects of sediment and foundation on dam hydrodynamic pressure under vertical ground accelerations. In Proceedings of Engineering Mechanics, 1, (pp. 511-514).
Lin, J.S. (1992). Evaluation of seismic soil response using stochastic linearization. In Probabilistic Mechanics and Structural and Geotechnical Reliability, Proceedings of the Specialty Conference, (pp. 356-359).
Lin, J.S., Ting, J.M., Vuba, B., & Chen, S. (1992). Computer simulation of direct shear test. In Proceedings of Engineering Mechanics, (pp. 425-428).
Lin, J.S. (1987). CONSTRUCTION OF SLOPE FAILURE PROBABILITY MATRICES.
Lin, J.S., & Tyan, J.Y. (1985). USE OF EQUIVALENT STATIONARY MOTION IN EVALUATING PEAK STRUCTURAL RESPONSES. 2, (pp. 533-537).
Lin, J.S. (1983). EVALUATION OF EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED PERMANENT DISPLACEMENTS FOR ROCK SLOPES. In Proceedings - Symposium on Rock Mechanics, (pp. 187-192).